Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo was born on April 15th, 1452 in Vinci, Italy & died in Amboise, France on May 2nd, 1519. He was born to Piero and Caterina da Vinci. Leonardo was motivated to always invent things because he was always a curious child, wanting to know how anything and everything worked. He's known for being an engineer, botanist, architect, mathematician, sculptor, anatomist, inventor, cartographer, geologist, and especially a painter.

I believe that Leonardo da Vinci was a historical significance in the world of Art and Science. His painting of Mona Lisa is known worldwide. It was said that he would carry a secret notebook filled with inventions, observations, and theories of many things, but they were always too complicated to interpret.


His most famous painting are the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

The Last Supper, which was painted in 1495-1498, was painted for the refectory of the city's monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. This is a fresco painting.

The Mona Lisa was painted sometime between 1503 & 1508. The woman in the picture has been a mystery for centuries. She is said to be Lisa del Giocondo, who was the wife of a Florence merchant, Francisco de Giocondo, but no one knows for sure.

Sources:

• Google images
• http://www.leonardoda-vinci.org
• http://legacy.mos.org/leonardo/

The Renaissance

Section 1

Leonardo da Vinci was a well-rounded, universal person that was capable of success. He was a painter, a sculptor, architect, inventor, & a mathematician. The Mona Lisa is his most famous painting.

Florence, Italy is one of the three city-states to remain independent.

Johannes Gutenberg was the first to invent the printing press & the first to create a printed book.

Section 2

Fresco is a type of painting that is done on a fresh, wet plaster with water-based paint.

Michaelangelo was an accomplished painter, sculptor, and an architect.

Raphael Sanzio is regrarded as one of Italy's best painters.

Human Sacrifice

What was human sacrificing created for?
In Mesoamerica, human sacrificing was considered repayment for the sacrifices the gods did in creating the world & the sun. In Aztec mythology, human sacrificing were a compensation to the gods for crimes that were done.

Who did the sacrificing & who would be sacrificed?
It would take 5 priests to preform the sacrifice. The Aztecs sacrificed many people, but they would mostly use people they took captive from war.



When did the sacrificing start?
The roots of human sacrificing was first started somewhere from 1345 to 1521CE.

Where did the sacrificing happen?
The sacrificing ritual would be preformed on top of the temple

Why were people sacrificed?
The Aztecs believed that they owed everything to their gods, they thought that the best way to repay them was to offer blood up to them in regular rituals.

How did sacrificing affect the Aztecs?
Human sacrifice was essential to the Aztecs. When they would sacrifice someone, they believed that they were going straight to heaven.

Mesoamerican Ballgame

Rise of the Mongols

1. Geography

The Steppe culture helped the mongols conquer. Because of the vast & shrubby grassland, the Mongols relied on the horses and other animals to use as transportation. Since the ground was so flat, it made it easy for the horses to run. The Mongols, who were lead by Genghis Khan, conquered most of Asia & eastern Europe. They are said to have had the best calvary. Since they grew up around horses & were trained to ride at a young age, it was an advantage in battle.




 2. Leadership

The important individual Mongols were Temujin (Genghis Khan), Jemugha, and Temujin's best general, Subutai. Jemugha & Temujin used to be best of friends, basically brothers, but then Jemugha knew that they would have to part one day. So, he went & ambushed Genghis' group, took his best generals, & boiled them alive. Genghis Khan maintained order and loyalty was by killing the people who weren't loyal to him and promoting the soldiers that were the most loyal & best at work. What inspired Temujin to conquer tribes across Asia was at first, to get revenge for his dad and his wife, but then he thought that the God of the Sky, Tengri, told him that it was his destiny to conquer the world. People followed the Genghis because the he was meant to lead and people feared him and his army.

3. Technology

The Mongols had used horses to get around. Each soldier had around 3 or 4 horses. They used full body armor for both their soldiers & horses, they mainly attacked with bows & arrows & swords, & had 16 different strategies to attack. The Mongols' technology were mainly adapted from different cultures, but the main culture that influenced them were their own nomads. When training, Genghis Khan made his army practice horsemanship, archery, explained to them the different battle strategies. When they conquered China, it accessed them to great weapons that could break barriers & walls such as gunpowder, catapults, & Chinese engineers & laborers that could literally build a bridge overnight.

The Middle Ages

Learning Targets
4.1 - Analyze impacts of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

• 4: Student is able to compare/contrast the Byzantine Empire, Franks, Vikings, and/or Muslims

• 3: Student is able to describe the Byzantine Empire, Franks, Vikings, and Muslims

• 2: Student is able to describe 2-3  groups (Byzantine Empire, Franks, Vikings, Muslims)

• 1: Student is able to identify the Byzantine Empire, Franks, Vikings, and/or Muslims

• 4: Student is able to compare/contrast the roles and relationships within the "feudal system" and explain impacts of the Roman Catholic Church

• 3: Student is able to compare/contrast social classes within the feudal system and explain an impact of the Roman Catholic Church

• 2: Student is able to describe social classes within the feudal system or impacts of the Church

• 1: Student is able to identify social classes of the feudal system or an impact of the Church

• 4: Student is able to explain causes and consequences of the Crusades AND critique a person or group involved

• 3: Student is able to explain causes and consequences of the Crusades

• 2: Student is able to describe a cause and consequence of the Crusades

• 1: Student is able to identify a cause and consequence of the Crusades

4.2 - Examine the Feudal System and Roman Catholic Church in medieval Europe
4.3 - Analyze causes and consequences of the Crusades

My Rating
I give myself a 2.

Personal Learning Goal
Understand the history of all the Roman Empires.

Roman Emperor: Hadrian

Ruled as Emperor

• 117bc to 138bc

Pictures

Background

• Aelius Afer (Father), Paulina Major (Mother), Paulina Minor (Sister), Antoninus & Aleus (Adoptive sons).
• Born as Publius Aelius Hadrianus in Rome
• Born on January 24, 76
• Wanted to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire
• Died at Baiae

Achievements

• Rebuilt the Pantheon, constructed the Temple of Venus & Roma, & built Hadrian's Wall
• Used his relationship with Antinous, his favorite Greek, to underline his love for Greek culture & it led to the creation of one of the most popular cults of ancient times
• Continued & expanded the practice of Alimenta - Where citizens were able to borrow state money

Cause of Death

•  Possible heart failure

Historical Significance

• Considered as a capable emperor
• Consolidated Roman territory after the expansion of Trajan
• Tightened the discipline on the army & gave the empire firm government
• The only emperor to travel to the provinces of the entire empire
• Evaluated Rome's defense & prosperity and improved it

Julius Caesar

Left to Right (Top): Julius Caesar had changed the days from 355 to 365 & he was a great military battle strategist.
Left to Right (Bottom): He was a Consul, he had an affair & a child with Cleopatra, & he had formed an alliance with Pompey & Crassus to create "The First Triumvirate".

Spartacus

• WHO was Spartacus?

Once a slave & now, a gladiator.

• WHAT did he do?

He led the slaves to rebel against the Romans.

• WHY did he do it?

He wanted his freedom.

• WHEN did it happen?

73bc - 71bc.

• WHERE did it happen?

From Thrice, traveled to Capua, Mount Vesuvius, & then to Northern Italy.

• HOW did it end?

He got screwed over by pirates, cornered, & was overwhelmed; he had lost his invincible streak.

• WAS HE A HERO OR A VILLAIN?

He was probably a hero to the slaves & a villain to the Romans.

Do as the Romans Do

Food

The Romans enjoyed eating porridge & meat, accompanied with wine. Rich people would have more ingredients in their meal; while the Commoners would usually just have basic ingredients in their foods.

Clothing

For the Romans, togas were seen as important as suits. The color of the toga was significant; it marked one's age or class.

Slavery

In Rome, slaves were treated nicely & they would be involved in business. Slaves would work on farms & the Romans would depend on the slaves. They would usually just feed, style, & do work for the wealthy.

Roman Republic: The Government

Defining the Terms

Republic: The citizens are in charge of who is on the government branch. Before making decisions, the citizens would have to take a vote.
Senate: Assembly/Council of citizens having the important functions in a government.
Conflict of the Orders: A political struggle between the commoners & the aristocrats.
Patricians: A person of noble or high rank.
Plebeians: Belonging or pertaining to the common people.
Consuls: Appointed by the government to look after the country's commercial interest & thewelfare of the its citizens in other country.
Dictator: A person exercising absolute power.
Veto: Ability to cancel another’s decision.
Tribunes: Someone who upholds or defends the right of the people.
Assembly of Plebs: An assembly of commoners.
Censor: Two people who kept the register or census of the citizens.
Executive: The branch of government that executes or enforces the laws & policies.
Legislative: The branch of government that has the power to make laws.
Judiciary: The branch of government that interprets the laws & administration of justice.
Praetor: An officer of the law.
Twelve Tables: laws written on twelve bronze tablets.
The Cursus Honorum: Sequential order of public offices.

Question: How was the government of the Roman Republic organized?

The government of the Roman Republic was very open to the citizens. They had 3 different branches to divide their power & they were organized. There were many officers of the law that competed to be in the Cursus Honorum. In order to be elected as an official, you had to serve 10 years in the military. The government had military duties to take care of also. This flow of work helped make the government successful.

Republic from Monarchy

What is a republic: A form of government in which affairs of a state are a public matter.

When did Rome turn into one: 509BC.

How did Rome turn into one: The started a riot & turned it into a revolution to turn against the king.

Why did Rome turn into one: The king was a bad guy & his son had killed a highly respected woman & the people didn't appreciate that.

The Founding of Rome: When, Where & How.

When: 753BC

Where: Italy

How: Romulus & Remus overthrew Amulies, who overthrew Numitor (his brother), and took back Rome. & then, Romulus killed Remus.

Geography of Rome

Rome would be a good place to found a city because it had good climate, it was close to bodies of water to help with crops and thanks to the hills, you can live on the hilltops for safety and farm on the bottom of the hill.The Italian Peninsula would be a good place to start an empire because the mountains would provide protection, but wouldn't restrict things; and if you had boats, you could easily sail to the other lands surrounding the Mediterranean & conquer them.

Roman Pretest

Learning Targets

• 3.1 - Differentiate Roman Republic form Roman Empire
• 3.2 - Explain past & present impacts of Roman culture
• 3.3 - Analyze factors in collapse of Western Roman Empire

Personal Learning Goal

To understand exactly how the Roman Empire fell.

Essential Questions

• When, where, & how was Rome founded?

A long time ago, Italy, some niggas went exploring.

• How was the government of the Roman Republic organized?

• When & how did the Republic turn into an Empire?

• How was the government of the Empire organized?

• When, where, why, and how did the Romans expand?

• What are Rome's greatest architectural & technological developments?

Statues, decorative posts.

• What was important in Roman culture?

Gods, human sacrificing, and blood & violence.

• Who were important Roman leaders?

King Augustus.

• What caused the collapse of the Roman Empire?

People messed with other people's business.

• How did Rome alter history?

• How does Rome affect us today?

Without Rome, we wouldn't know how to make spaghetti or any other italian food.

• What lessons can be learned from Roman history?

Don't mess with Romans.